| Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Effusion by using Aberrant Methylation of p16 and RARB2. |
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Seo Hee Rha, Su Mi Lee, Tae Hyoung Koo, Bong Chul Shin, Jung Hun Huh, Soo Jung Um, Doo Kyung Yang, Soo Keol Lee, Choonhee Son, Mee Sook Roh, Ho Jeong Bae, Ki Nam Kim, Ki Nam Lee, Pil Jo Choi |
1Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea. son30243@hanmail.net
2Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
3Department of Radiology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
4Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea. |
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| Abstract |
BACKGROUND
A diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion is clinically important, as the prognosis of lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion is poor. The diagnosis will be difficult if a cytological test is negative. This study was performed to investigate whether the detection of hypermethylation of the p16 (CDKN2A) and retinoic acid receptor b2 (RARB2) genes in pleural fluid is useful for a diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. METHODS: Pleural effusion was collected from 43 patients and was investigated for the aberrant promoter methylation of the RARB2 and CDKN2A genes by use of methylation-specific PCR. Results were compared with findings from a pleural biopsy and from pleural fluid cytology. RESULTS: Of 43 cases, 17 cases of pleural effusion were due to benign diseases, and 26 cases were from lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion. Hypermethylation of the RARB2 and CDKN2A genes was not detected in the case of benign diseases, independent of whether or not the patients had ever smoked. In 26 cases of malignant pleural effusion, hypermethylation of RARB2, CDKN2A or either of these genes was detected in 14, 5 and 15 cases, respectively. The sensitivities of a pleural biopsy, pleural fluid cytology, hypermethylation of RARB2, hypermethylation of CDKN2A, or hypermethylation of either of the genes were 73.1%, 53.8%, 53.8%, 19.2%, and 57.7%, respectively; negative predictive values were 70.8%, 58.6%, 58.6%, 44.7%, and 60.7%, respectively. If both genes are considered together, the sensitivity and negative predictive value was lower than that for a pleural biopsy, but higher than that for pleural fluid cytology. The sensitivity of hypermethylation of the RARB2 gene for malignant pleural effusion was lower in small cell lung cancers than in non-small cell lung cancers. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that detection of hypermethylation of the RARB2 and CDKN2A genes showed a high specificity, and sensitivity was higher than for pleural fluid cytology. With a better understanding of the pathogenesis of lung cancer according to histological types at the molecular level, and if appropriate genes are selected for hypermethylation testing, more precise results may be obtained. |
| Key Words:
Pleural effusion, Malignancy, Hypermethylation |
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