| Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. |
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Ho Cheol Kim, Gi Dong Lee, Young Sil Hwang |
1Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. yshwang@nongae.gsnu.ac.kr
2Gyeongsang Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. |
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| Abstract |
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Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently complain of dyspnea on exertion and reduced exercise capacity, which has been attributed to an increase in the work of breathing and in impaired of gas exchange. Although COPD primarily affects the pulmonary system, patients with COPD exhibit significant systemic manifestations of disease progression. These manifestations include weight loss, nutritional abnormalities, skeletal muscle dysfunction (SMD), cardiovascular problems, and psychosocial complications. It has been documented that SMD significantly contributes to a reduced exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Ventilatory and limb muscle in these patients show structural and functional alteration, which are influenced by several factors, including physical inactivity, hypoxia, smoking, aging, corticosteroid, malnutrition, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway activation. This article summarizes briefly the evidence and the clinical consequences of SMD in patients with COPD. In addition, it reviews contributing factors and therapeutic strategies. |
| Key Words:
Muscle, Skeletal, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Exercise Tolerance |
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