Tracheal Stenosis after Tracheostomy Treated Successfully with Papillotome Electrocautery
Article information
Abstract
A 39-year-old woman presented with symptoms of dyspnea. Ten years previously, she had received a tracheostomy because of the decision to not continue taking an anticonvulsant drug. Presently, chest computed tomography showed diffuse stenosis and focal web at the cervical trachea. We performed bronchoscopy and found a two-thirds reduction of the upper trachea due to the web-like fibrotic stenosis. Papillotome electrocautery removed the stenotic lesion. Endobronchial electrocautery is a valuable tool with potential for therapy of an endobronchial obstructing airway lesion. We report this case to introduce the successful treatment with papillotome electrocautery.
Introduction
Central airway stenosis is seriously impaired by severe dyspnea, which produces a sense of suffocation or even respiratory failure. The most common etiology for acquired benign tracheal stenosis is tracheal intubation or tracheostomy1,2. Other causes of tracheal stenosis are trauma; chronic inflammatory diseases including amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, relapsing polychondritis; chronic granulomas; benign or malignant neoplasm; and collagen vascular diseases including tracheopathia osteoplastica and Wegener granulomatosis. Idiopathic tracheal stenosis is a rare disease characterized by an inflammatory cicatricial stenosis at the level of the cricoid and upper trachea3. In Korea, the most common etiology for tracheal stenosis is endotracheal intubation. Other causes are obstructive fibrinous tracheal pseudomembrane, secondary to burn inhalation injury, obstruction by malignant tumor, tuberculosis and foreign body within the trachea4.
Trachea stenosis is divided into simple and complex types. The simple type in turn constitutes web-like stenosis and granulation. In the complex type, the most important issue is the destruction of tracheal cartilage. Intra-tracheal clean-up will not solve the problem5.
The management of benign tracheal stenosis varies with the type and extent of the disease and depends upon the age and co-morbidities of the patient6. The treatment of tracheal stenosis involves surgery or bronchoscopy. Endoscopy is popular to treat obstructive lesions in stenosis of the central airway7.
We present a case of tracheal stenosis that was successfully treated with flexible bronchoscopy with papillotome electrocautery.
Case Report
A 39-year-old woman was admitted to our Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery because of dyspnea. Twenty years previously, she underwent surgery for a diagnosed brain lesion. Since then she had taken anticonvulsant medication. The seizure attack developed after she stopped taking the anticonvulsant drug due to pregnancy. A tracheostomy was performed. Since then, dyspnea had persisted. She had no relevant family history. Physical examination revealed stridor and a wheezing sound on both lung fields. Laboratory tests were within normal range, except for decreased hemoglobin level (9.9 g/dL). Pulmonary function test indicate fixed obstructed pattern (Figure 1A). Flexible bronchoscopy was performed, which revealed the two-third narrowing of the upper trachea due to web-like fibrotic stenosis (Figure 1B). A chest computed tomography (CT) revealed diffuse stenosis and focal web at the cervical trachea (Figure 1C). We tried to treat the stenosis with papillotome electrocautery. The patient was discharged and followed-up in the outpatient department. After 2 weeks, we performed bronchoscopy and pulmonary function tests for follow-up. Follow-up bronchoscopy revealed persistence of mild web type stenosis. Follow-up pulmonary function test still indicated fixed obstructed pattern. So, the stenosis was again treated with the needle knife approach (Figure 2).
Initial pulmonary function test, bronchoscopy and chest computed tomography (CT) image. (A) Flow volume curve showed fixed obstructed pattern (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1,] 89.7%; FEV1/forced vital capacity, 86.47%). (B) Bronchoscopy revealed two-thirds narrowing of upper trachea due to web-like fibrotic stenosis. (C) Chest CT showed diffuse stenosis and focal web at the cervical trachea.
Treatment of stenosis by needle knife (A) and papillotome electrocautery (B).
After 2 months, a flow volume curve showed a normal pattern (Figure 3A). Bronchoscopy revealed ulcerative lesion, but improved stenosis (Figure 3B). CT showed the long stenosis of the cervical trachea was decreased (Figure 3C). The patient has been followed-up regularly on an outpatient basis.
Two-month post-operative findings. (A) Flow volume curve showed normal pattern. (B) Bronchoscopy revealed the improvement of tracheal stenosis. (C) Chest computed tomography showed the tracheal obstruction was completely removed.
Discussion
Tracheal stenosis is defined as the cicatricial narrowing of the endotracheal lumen. Surgical resection and end-to-end anastomosis is still considered to be the optimal treatment for a young patient presenting with symptomatic tracheal stenosis. To minimize complications, curative surgery is proposed only for selected patients in good neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory condition. Accurate preoperative work-up of coexisting conditions and anatomical features of the stenosis is essential. To prepare the patients for surgery, repeated mechanical dilatation and/or laser resection is often necessary8.
Immediate postoperative complications include inflammatory edema at the anastomosis site, respiratory distress by laryngeal paralysis, and mediastinal emphysema. Early complications include dyspnea by unilateral recurrent palsy, swallowing disorders by lowering of the larynx, suture line disruption by local infection, and brachiocephalic artery trunk rupture by suture irritation. Late complications include granulation tissue formation with obstruction9.
For elderly subjects or for patients with significant underlining co-morbidities, endoscopic treatment should be considered3. Neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser can provide palliative relief in symptomatic patients with tracheal stenosis. Lasers use light energy that is transformed into heat as it reacts with tissue, allowing for tissue carbonization or cutting as well as for hemostasis. Though laser gives the best results in lesions of short length located in the trachea, mainstem or proximal lower lobe bronchi which are easily accessible to the rigid bronchoscope, the use of flexible bronchoscope has expanded the reach to more distal lesions10.
Nd:YAG laser can be used, not only in obstructing malignant lesions, but also for benign tumors, tracheal stenosis and even for removal of granulation tissue. Large case studies by Toty et al.11 and Dumon et al.12 demonstrated good results with minimal complications and further confirmed the role of Nd:YAG laser in interventional bronchoscopy. Adequate visualization of the target and adjacent structures is imperative for successful treatment with minimal complications. The advantages of Nd:YAG laser application are hemostatis, high precision, reduced instrumentation at the treatment site, minimization of the risk of infection, and minimal trauma of the surrounding tissue. But the Nd:YAG laser is very expensive, so the special facilities necessary for safe laser application are not available in every hospital.
Electrocautery is also used for obstructing tracheal lesions. Electrocautery uses high frequency alternating current to produce heat. As the tissue temperature rises, cellular water evaporates and cellular constituents break down chemically, followed by cell or tissue vaporization. Depending on the power setting, this may result in coagulation, cutting, or vaporization.
One study confirmed that compared with the Nd:YAG laser, electrocautery seems equally effective for debulking intraluminal tumors13. Electrocautery is common in surgery and gastroenterology. Electrocautery equipment differs in effectiveness and generating power, so we cannot accurately predict their cautery effect. Electrocautery can cause perforation more than Nd:YAG laser treatment and the treatment time is longer. Other reported complications include endobronchial fires, hemoptysis, hemorrhage, and aspiration pneumonia14. Electrosurgery is contraindicated in a case when compression is caused by extrinsic force or in patients with pacemaker15. But electrocautery equipment is less expensive, the application technique is simple, and it is more easily accessible for emergency use in most hospitals. Coulter and Mehta16 reported endobronchial electrosurgery can be performed safely in the outpatient setting and is an effective procedure in polypoid morphology and the lesion attached airway by a stalk. The successful rate was 89% (42/47). No major complications were encountered.
In conclusion, electrocautery seems more cost effective than the Nd:YAG laser for palliative bronchoscopic intervention to tracheal stenosis. Based on this case, papillotome electrocautery via flexible bronchoscopy could be considered as first option for the treatment of web type tracheal stenosis.